Is Objective-c runtime means an extra layer than direct c/c++ programs?

I've read that, the objective-c programs need objective-c runtime to run.

AFAIK, both C/C++ programs don't require any runt开发者_如何学运维ime environments to run. as the generated binary code is being executed directly by the underlying OS.

So this means that Objective-c programs require a redundant layer to run, correct? and If so, is this layer seems like Java VM and .net runtime or seems like Qt runtime (in flavor of some additional libraries)?

EDIT: After some read, I found that, the objc compiler generates some more information in the generated compiled code that is responsible of many things such as method passing (objc_sendMsg(), introspection and others)

Thanks.

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The compiled code is native but you need an additional library (the runtime) which does all the object and message handling (lookup, invocation etc.). There is no virtual machine involved. So it is more like QT than Java runtime.

[Update]

Since the C++ message binding behaviour is not obvious to programmers of more dynamic OO languages (e.g.: Objective-C or Smalltalk) - like me - I wrote a small C++ test app which demonstrates the effect of the virtual keyword on the choice of the method to call.

#include <iostream>

class Test1 {
public:
    Test1();
    void test1();
    void test2();
};

class Test2 : Test1 {
public:
    Test2();
    void test1();
    void test2();
};

Test1::Test1() {}
void Test1::test1() { std::cout << "T1:t1" << std::endl; }
void Test1::test2() { std::cout << "T1:t2" << std::endl; }

Test2::Test2() {}
void Test2::test1() { std::cout << "T2:t1" << std::endl; }
void Test2::test2() { std::cout << "T2:t2" << std::endl; }

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
    Test1 *t11 = new Test1();
    Test1 *t12 = (Test1 *)(new Test2());
    Test2 *t2 = new Test2();

    t11->test1();
    t11->test2();

    t12->test1();
    t12->test2();

    t2->test1();
    t2->test2();

    return 0;
}

An Objective-C programmer would expect a output of

T1:t1
T1:t2
T2:t1
T2:t2
T2:t1
T2:t2

since t12 is actually a Test2 which was casted to Test1. The actual output is

T1:t1
T1:t2
T1:t1
T2:t2
T2:t1
T2:t2

because C++ (by default, i.e. without virtual) statically binds the call to test1 based on the type it knows at compile time which is Test1 (due to the cast).