I want to override a property in an external assembly via my config file

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Let's say I have two assemblies: BusinessLogic and Web. BusinessLogic has an application setting called "MySetting".

In my Web assembly's config file, how do I override the setting in BusinessLogic?

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You need to add an applicationSettings sectionGroup to the config file:

<sectionGroup name="applicationSettings" type="System.Configuration.ApplicationSettingsGroup, System, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089" >
  <section name="[AssemblyName].Properties.Settings" type="System.Configuration.ClientSettingsSection, System, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089" requirePermission="false" />
</sectionGroup>

Then you need to add the following:

<[AssemblyName].Properties.Settings>
  <setting name="[SettingToOverride]" serializeAs="String">
    <value>[NewValue]</value>
  </setting>
</[AssemblyName].Properties.Settings>

This allows you to override a setting without the need to redeploy