目录
- 1. 模块概述
- 2. 基础类型提示
- 2.1 基本类型注释
- 2.2 类型别名
- 3. 复合类型
- 3.1 Union 类型
- 3.2 Optional 类型
- 3.3 Any 类型
- 4. 泛型类型
- 4.1 TypeVar
- 4.2 Generic 类
- 5. 函数类型
- 5.1 Callable
- 5.2 可调用对象协议
- 6. 带元数据的类型Annotated
- 6.1 基本示例
- 6.2 核心特性
- 6.3 应用场景
- 6.4 与其他类型工具结合
- 6.5 运行时访问元数据
- 6.6. 实际案例:数据库字段类型
- 7. 高级类型特性
- 7.1 Literal 类型
- 7.2 TypedDict
- 7.3 NewType
- 8. 运行时类型检查
- 8.1 typeguard
- 8.2 get_type_hints
- 9. python 3.10+ 新特性
- 9.1 联合类型语法糖
- 9.2 TypeGuard
- 10. 迁移策略
- 10.1 逐步添加类型提示
- 10.2 处理动态类型代码
- typing 模块总结
- 总结
1. 模块概述
typing
模块在 Python 3.5 中引入,用于支持类型提示(Type Hints)。它提供了:
- 用于类型注释的工具
- 泛型类型支持
- 类型别名
- 回调协议
- 以及其他高级类型系统特性
2. 基础类型提示
2.1 基本类型注释
from typing import List, Dict, Set, Tuple, Optional # 变量类型注释 name: str = "Alice" age: int = 30 is_student: bool = False # 函数参数和返回值类型注释 def greet(name: str) -> str: return f"Hello, {name}" # 容器类型 numbers: List[int] = [1, 2, 3] person: Dict[str, str] = {"name": "Alice", "email": "alice@example.com"} unique_numbers: Set[int] = {1, 2, 3} coordinates: Tuple[float, float] = (10.5, 20.3) # 可选类型 maybe_name: Optional[str] = None # 等同于 Union[str, None]
2.2 类型别名
from typing import List, Tuple # 创建类型别名 Vector = List[float] Point = Tuple[float, float] def scale_vector(v: Vector, factor: float) -> Vector: return [x * factor for x in v] def distance(p1: Point, p2: Point) -> float: return ((p1[0] - p2[0])**2 + (p1[1] - p2[1])**2)**0.5
3. 复合类型
3.1 Union 类型
- 表示属于Union中的任意一种类型均合法
from typing import Union def process_value(value: Union[int, str]) -> None: if isinstance(value, int): print(f"Processing integer: {value}") else: print(f"Processing string: {value}") process_value(10) # Processing integer: 10 process_value("hi") # Processing string: hi
3.2 Optional 类型
- Optional[str] = Union[str, None]
from typing import Optional def find_user(user_id: int) -> Optional[str]: users = {1: "Alice", 2: "Bob"} return users.get(user_id) print(find_user(1)) # Alice print(find_user(3)) # None
3.3 Any 类型
- 表示可以使用任何类型,不建议常用
from typing import Any def process_any(value: Any) -> Any: print(f"Processing {value}") return value result = process_any(10) # Processing 10 result = process_any("text") # Processing text
4. 泛型类型
4.1 TypeVar
from typing import TypeVar, List, Sequence T = TypeVar('T') # 任意类型 Num = TypeVar('Num', int, float) # 仅限于int和float def first_element(items: Sequence[T]) -> T: return items[0] print(first_element([1, 2, 3])) # 1 print(first_element(["a", "b"])) # a
4.2 Generic 类
from typing import TypeVar, Generic, List T = TypeVar('T') class Stack(Generic[T]): def __init__(self) -> None: self.items: List[T] = [] def push(self, item: T) -> None: self.items.append(item) def pop(self) -> T: return self.items.pop() int_stack = Stack[int]() int_stack.push(1) int_stack.push(2) print(int_stack.pop()) # 2
5. 函数类型
5.1 Callable
from typing import Callable def apply_func(func: Callable[[int, int], int], a: int, b: int) -> int: return func(a, b) def add(x: int, y: int) -> int: return x + y print(apply_func(add, 3, 5)) # 8
5.2 可调用对象协议
from typing import Protocol class Adder(Protocol): def __call__(self, a: int, b: int) -> int: ... def apply_adder(adder: Adder, x: int, y: int) -> int: return adder(x, y) print(apply_adder(lambda a, b: a + b, 10, 20)) # 30
6. 带元数据的类型Annotated
Annotated
是 Python typing
模块中一个强大但常被忽视的类型注解工具,它允许我们在类型提示中添加额外的元数据。这个功能在 Python 3.9 中引入,为类型系统提供了更大的灵活性。Annotated
的基本形式如下:
from typing import Annotated Annotated[<type>, <metadata1>, <metadata2>, ...]
其中:
<type>
是基础类型<metadata>
可以是任意对象,提供额外的类型信息
6.1 基本示例
from typing import Annotated # 给int类型添加单位信息 Distance = Annotated[int, "meters"] Temperature = Annotated[float, "celsius"] def get_distance() -> Distance: return 100 def get_temperature() -> Temperature: return 25.5
6.2 核心特性
- 保留类型信息
Annotated
不会改变原始类型,只是附加元数据:
from typing import Annotated, get_type_hints UserId = Annotated[int, "user identifier"] def get_user(id: UserId) -> str: return f"user_{id}" # 获取类型提示 hints = get_type_hints(get_user) print(hints) # {'id': typing.Annotated[int, 'user identifier'], 'return': <class 'str'>}
- 多重元数据
可以附加多个元数据项:
from typing import Annotated # 带有范围和单位的温度类型 BoundedTemp = Annotated[float, "celsius", (0.0, 100.0)] def check_temp(temp: BoundedTemp) -> bool: return 0.0 <= temp <= 100.0
6.3 应用场景
- 数据验证
结合 Pydantic 等库进行数据验证:
from typing import Annotated from pydantic import BaseModel, Field PositiveInt = Annotated[int, Field(gt=0)] class User(BaseModel): id: PositiveInt name: str # 有效数据 user = User(id=1, name="Alice") # 无效数据会引发验证错误 # user = User(id=-1, name="Bob") # 抛出ValidationError
- 参数约束
在 FastAPI 等框架中指定参数约束:
from typing import Annotated from fastapi import FastAPI, Query app = FastAPI() @app.get("/items/") async def read_items( q: Annotated[str, Query(min_length=3, max_length=50)] = "default" ): return {"q": q}
- 文档增强
为类型添加文档信息:
from typing import Annotated from typing_extensions import Doc # Python 3.11+ DatabaseConnection = Annotated[ str, Doc("A connection string in the format 'user:password@host:port/database'"), Doc("Example: 'admin:secret@localhost:5432/mydb'") ] def connect_db(conn_str: DatabaseConnection) -> None: """Connect to the database.""" print(f"Connecting with: {conn_str}")
6.4 与其他类型工具结合
- 与 NewType 结合
from typing import Annotated, NewType UserId = NewType('UserId', int) AnnotatedUserId = Annotated[UserId, "primary key"] def get_user_name(user_id: AnnotatedUserhttp://www.devze.comId) -> str: return f"user_{user_id}" print(get_user_name(UserId(42))) # user_42
- 与 Literal 结合
from typing import Annotated, Literal HttpMethod = Literal["GET", "POST", "PUTjs", "DELETE"] AnnotatedHttpMethod = Annotated[HttpMethod, "HTTP method"] def log_request(method: AnnotatedHttpMethod) -> None: print(f"Received {method} request") log_request("GET") # 有效 # log_request("HEAD") # 类型检查器会报错
6.5 运行时访问元数据
from typing import Annotated, get_type_hints def extract_metadata(annotate编程d_type): origin = get_origin(annotated_type) if origin is not Annotated: return None return get_args(annotated_type)[1:] # 返回元数据部分 # 定义带注解的类型 Count = Annotated[int, "counter", "must be positive"] hints = get_type_hints(lambda x: x, localns={'x': Count}) metadata = extract_metadata(hints['x']) print(metadata) # ('counter', 'must be positive')
6.6. 实际案例:数据库字段类型
from typing import Annotated, Optional from datetime import datetime # 定义带约束的字段类型 Username = Annotated[str, "username", "max_length=32", "alphanumeric"] Email = Annotated[str, "email", "max_length=255"] CreatedAt = Annotated[datetime, "auto_now_add=True"] UpdatedAt = Annotated[Optional[datetime], "auto_now=True", "nullable=True"] class UserProfile: def __init__( self, username: Username, email: Email, created_at: CreatedAt, updated_at: UpdatedAt = None ): self.username = username self.email = email self.created_at = created_at self.updated_at = updated_at # 这些注解可以被ORM框架或序列化库读取并使用
Annotated
为 Python 的类型系统提供了强大的扩展能力,使得类型提示不仅可以用于静态检查,还能携带丰富的运行时信息,为框架开发和复杂系统设计提供了更多可能性。
7. 高级类型特性
7.1 Literal 类型
JIYUEzCfrom typing import Literal def draw_shape(shape: Literal["circle", "square", "triangle"]) -> None: print(f"Drawing a {shape}") draw_shape("circle") # 正确 draw_shape("square") # 正确 # draw_shape("rectangle") # 类型检查器会报错
7.2 TypedDict
from typing import TypedDict, Optional class Person(TypedDict): name: str age: int email: Optional[str] alice: Person = {"name": "Alice", "age": 30} bob: Person = {"name": "Bob", "age": 25, "email": "bob@example.com"}
7.3 NewType
from typing import NewType UserId = NewType('UserId', int) admin_id = UserId(1) def get_user_name(user_id: UserId) -> str: return f"user_{user_id}" print(get_user_name(admin_id)) # 正确 # print(get_user_name(12345)) # 类型检查器会报错
8. 运行时类型检查
8.1 typeguard
虽然 typing
模块主要用于静态类型检查,但可以与第三方库如 typeguard
结合实现运行时检查:
from typeguard import typechecked from typing import List @typechecked def process_numbers(numbers: www.devze.comList[int]) -> float: return sum(numbers) / len(numbers) print(process_numbers([1, 2, 3])) # 2.0 # process_numbers([1, '2', 3]) # 运行时抛出TypeError
8.2 get_type_hints
from typing import get_type_hints, List, Dict def example(a: int, b: str = "default") -> Dict[str, List[int]]: return {b: [a]} print(get_type_hints(example)) # 输出: {'a': <class 'int'>, 'b': <class 'str'>, 'return': Dict[str, List[int]]}
9. Python 3.10+ 新特性
9.1 联合类型语法糖
# Python 3.10 之前 from typing import Union def old_way(x: Union[int, str]) -> Union[int, str]: return x # Python 3.10+ def new_way(x: int | str) -> int | str: return x
9.2 TypeGuard
from typing import TypeGuard, List, Union def is_str_list(val: List[Union[str, int]]) -> TypeGuard[List[str]]: return all(isinstance(x, str) for x in val) def process_items(items: List[Union[str, int]]) -> None: if is_str_list(items): print("All strings:", [s.upper() for s in items]) else: print("Mixed types:", items) process_items(["a", "b", "c"]) # All strings: ['A', 'B', 'C'] process_items([1, "b", 3]) # Mixed types: [1, 'b', 3]
10. 迁移策略
10.1 逐步添加类型提示
# 第一阶段:无类型提示 def old_function(x): return x * 2 # 第二阶段:添加简单类型提示 def partially_typed_function(x: int) -> int: return x * 2 # 第三阶段:完整类型提示 from typing import TypeVar, Sequence T = TypeVar('T') def fully_typed_function(items: Sequence[T], multiplier: int) -> list[T]: return [item * multiplier for item in items]
10.2 处理动态类型代码
import types from typing import Any, Union, cast def dynamic_function(func: Union[types.FunctionType, types.BuiltinFunctionType]) -> Any: result = func() # 如果我们知道特定函数的返回类型,可以使用cast if func.__name__ == 'get_answer': return cast(int, result) return result
typing 模块总结
- 为 Python 添加静态类型提示支持
- 提供丰富的类型注解工具(
List
,Dict
,Union
等) - 支持泛型编程(
TypeVar
,Generic
) - 包含高级类型特性(
Literal
,TypedDict
,Protocol
等) - 与 Python 3.10+ 的新语法(
|
运算符)良好集成 - 类型提示在运行时几乎没有性能影响,因为它们主要被静态类型检查器使用
typing
模块中的一些特殊形式(如Generic
)可能会引入轻微的开销- 在性能关键代码中,考虑使用简单的类型提示或仅在开发时使用类型检查
总结
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